20% Autologous serum vs. 0.05% cyclosporine and preservative-free artificial tears in the treatment of Sjögren related dry eye / Soro autólogo a 20% versus ciclosporina a 0,05 e lubrificantes oculares sem conservantes no tratamento da síndrome do olho seco relacionada à Sjögren

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the 3-month results of treatment with 20% autologous serum or combination treatment with preservative-free artificial tears and 0.05% cyclosporine in patients with dry eye disease due to primary Sjögren's syndrome. Methods: A total of 130 eyes of 65 patients with newly diagnosed dry eye disease due to primary Sjögren's syndrome were included in the study. The patients were divided into two treatment groups: 66 eyes of 33 patients were assigned to the autologous serum treatment group, and 64 eyes of 32 patients were assigned to the combination treatment group. Schirmer test, tear break-up time and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) scores were recorded at pretreatment and at 3 months of treatment. Results: At 3 months of treatment, the mean Schirmer value and the mean tear break-up time were significantly higher in the combination treatment group (p<0.0001 and p=0.034, respectively). The OSDI score at 3 months was significantly lower in the autologous serum Group (p=0.004). When the two groups were evaluated separately, the improvements in Schirmer, tear break-up time test, and OSDI scores from before to after treatment were statistically significant: p<0.0001, p<0.001, and p<0.0001, respectively, for the authologus serum Group, and p<0.0001, p<0.001, and p<0.0001, respectively, for the combination treatment group. Conclusions: In short-term treatment of dry eye disease due to primary Sjögren's syndrome, treatment with autologous serum was significantly superior to -combination treatment with preservative-free artificial tears and 0.05% cyclosporine in terms of improvement in OSDI scores. Improvements in Schirmer test and tear break-up time scores were significantly superior in the group treated with preservative-free artificial tears and 0.05% cyclosporine.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar os resultados de 3 meses de soro autólogo a 20% com um tratamento combinado, ou seja, lubrificantes oculares sem conservantes e ciclosporina a 0,05% em pacientes com síndrome do olho seco devida à síndrome de Sjögren primária. Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo 130 olhos de 65 pacientes recentemente diagnosticados com síndrome do olho seco devida à síndrome de Sjögren primária. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de tratamento, 66 olhos de 33 pacientes foram incluídos no grupo de tratamento com soro autólogo e 64 olhos de 32 pacientes foram incluídos no grupo de tratamento combinado com lubrificantes oculares sem conservantes e ciclosporina. Os resultados do teste de Schirmer e do tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal e os índices de doença da superfície ocular (OSDI) foram registrados antes e depois de três meses de tratamento. Resultados: Três meses após o tratamento, o valor médio do teste de Schirmer foi mais alto com significância estatística no grupo do tratamento combinado com lubrificantes oculares sem conservantes e ciclosporina (p<0,0001) e o tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal também foi significativamente maior nesse grupo (p=0,034). Também aos três meses, a doença da superfície ocular foi menor com significância estatística no grupo de tratamento com soro autólogo (p=0,004). Quando os dois grupos foram avaliados separadamente, a melhora no teste de Schirmer, o tempo de ruptura e a doença da superfície ocular antes e depois do tratamento tiveram diferenças estatisticamente significativas tanto no grupo de soro autólogo (p<0,0001, p<0,001 e p<0,0001, respectivamente) quanto no grupo de tratamento combinado (p<0,0001, p<0,001 e p<0,0001, respectivamente). Conclusões: No tratamento de curto prazo da síndrome do olho seco devida à síndrome de Sjögren primária, o tratamento com soro autólogo foi significativamente superior ao tratamento com lubrificantes oculares sem conservantes combinados com ciclosporina, em termos de melhora no doença da superfície ocular. As melhoras no teste de Schirmer e no tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal foram significativamente maiores no grupo de tratamento combinado com lubrificantes oculares sem conservantes e ciclosporina.

Study of dry eye syndrome: Focus on causative factors, treatment modalities, quality of life, and preservatives used in eye drops

Purpose: Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a global issue occurring due to tear deficiency or excessive tear evaporation. It is associated with a variety of symptoms causing ocular discomfort. The purpose of the study was to evaluate causative factors, treatment modalities, quality of life, and preservatives used in eye drops. Methods: This prospective, follow?up study was conducted in the ophthalmology outpatient department of a tertiary care teaching hospital. Patients older than 18 years of age of either sex diagnosed with DES and willing to give written informed consent were included. The patients were subjected to the Ocular surface disease index Questionnaire (OSDI Questionnaire) twice; at the time of the first visit and at 15 days follow?up. Results: A male preponderance was observed with a 1.86:1 male?to?female ratio. The mean age of the study population was 29.15 ± 10.07 years. The most common presenting complaints were symptoms related to dryness of the eyes followed by refractive error. Exposure to TV/computer screen for more than 6 hours is the most common causative factor. There was a statistically significant improvement in overall quality of life (QoL) in patients of DES on treatment. However, no significant difference was seen in the improvement of quality of life in comparison with different preservatives used in prescribed eye drops for the treatment of DES. Conclusion: DES can adversely affect the quality of life of patients. Prompt treatment of this condition can significantly improve the patient’s QoL. Physicians should be encouraged to perform quality of life evaluations for patients with DES to guide them in treatment with more individual?specific treatment options.

Assessments of the ocular surface and meibomian gland morphology in patients with treatment-naive acne vulgaris / Avaliação da superfície ocular e da morfologia das glândulas meibomianas em pacientes com acne vulgar virgens de tratamento

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate ocular surface and meibomian glands in patients with treatment-naive acne vulgaris. Methods: The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, invasive tear film breakup time, fluorescein staining of the ocular surface, and Schirmer II test were performed for all subjects. Total eyelid and meibomian gland secretion scores were assessed. Non-contact meibography was performed with the Sirius corneal topographic device. Results: The right eyes of 35 patients with acne vulgaris and 35 healthy volunteers were included the study. While the OSDI and staining scores were significantly higher in the acne group than in the control group (p=0.01 and p=0.003, respectively), the invasive tear film breakup time and Schirmer measurements were significantly lower in the acne group (p=0.000 and p=0.003, respectively). The total eyelid and meibomian gland secretion scores were also higher in the acne group than in the control group (p=0.003 and p=0.000, respectively). On the morphological evaluation of the meibomian glands, the thickening, thinning, tortuosity, and presence of ghost areas were statistically significantly more common in the acne vulgaris group than in the control group (p=0.000, p=0.001, p=0.05, and p=0.006, respectively). The percentage of the meibomian gland loss area was significantly high in the acne vulgaris group on both upper and lower meibography. The meibomian gland loss area positively correlated with total eyelid and meibomian gland secretion scores. Conclusion: Acne vulgaris may have a predisposition to meibomian gland dysfunction and ocular surface damage. Early recognition of meibomian gland and ocular surface alterations seems important, especially in acne vulgaris cases for which oral isotretinoin treatment is planned.

RESUMO Objetivo: Todos os indivíduos responderam ao questionário Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) e tiveram avaliados o tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal pelo método invasivo, a coloração da superfície ocular com fluoresceína e o teste de Schirmer II. Foram ainda avaliados o escore palpebral total e o de secreção das glândulas meibomianas. Foi realizada meibografia sem contato com um dispositivo topográfico corneano Sirius. Métodos: Todos os indivíduos responderam ao questionário Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) e tiveram avaliados o tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal pelo método invasivo, a coloração da superfície ocular com fluoresceína e o teste de Schirmer II. Foram ainda avaliados o escore palpebral total e o de secreção das glândulas meibomianas. Foi realizada meibografia sem contato com um dispositivo topográfico corneano Sirius. Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo os olhos direitos de 35 voluntários com acne vulgar e 35 saudáveis. Os escores do Ocular Surface Disease Index e da coloração foram significativamente maiores no grupo com acne em comparação com o grupo controle (p=0,01 e p=0,003, respectivamente), mas o tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal pelo método invasivo e as medidas do teste de Schirmer II foram significativamente menores (p=0,000 e p=0,003, respectivamente). O escore palpebral total e o escore de secreção das glândulas meibomianas também foram maiores no grupo com acne que no grupo controle (p=0,003 e p=0,000). Na avaliação morfológica das glândulas meibomianas, o espessamento, o afinamento, a tortuosidade e a presença de áreas fantasmas nas glândulas foram mais comuns no grupo acne vulgar que no grupo controle, com significância estatística (p=0,000, p=0,001, p=0,05 e p=0,006 respectivamente). A porcentagem da área de perdas das glândulas meibomianas foi significativamente mais alta no grupo com acne vulgar, tanto na meibografia superior quanto na inferior. A área de perda das glândulas meibomianas demonstrou uma correlação positiva com o escore palpebral total e com o escore de secreção das glândulas meibomianas. Conclusão: A acne vulgar pode levar a uma predisposição para a disfunção das glândulas meibomianas e para danos na superfície ocular. Parece ser importante reconhecer precocemente as alterações das glândulas meibomianas e da superfície ocular, especialmente nos casos de acne vulgar para os quais se planeja o tratamento oral com isotretinoína.

Alterações oculares em escolares e adolescentes após início da pandemia por COVID-19 / Acute eye symptoms in schoolchildren and adolescents after the onset of COVID-19 pandemic

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar as alterações oculares em crianças e adolescentes secundárias ao fator do isolamento social e ao consequente aumento do uso de telas. Métodos Estudo observacional, descritivo e analítico, do tipo transversal realizado no período de julho a agosto de 2021, por meio da aplicação de questionários. Resultados Apresentaram cefaleia associada ao uso excessivo de tela 26,51% dos estudantes e 38,8% relataram suspeita de insuficiência de convergência. Em relação ao questionário de olho seco, 18,8% foram sintomáticos e 7,5% sintomáticos de difícil manejo. O computador foi o dispositivo mais utilizado em atividades escolares (71,5%), e, em segundo lugar, esteve o celular (66,3%). Casos sintomáticos de olho seco foram mais relatados em participantes que não faziam uso de computador (36,4%). Não foi possível identificar relação entre insuficiência de convergência e tempo de uso de dispositivos. Em relação ao olho seco, aqueles que passaram mais tempo em frente a tela relataram maior porcentagem de sintomas de difícil manejo (42,9%). Conclusão Foram mais prevalentes olho seco e sintomas de insuficiência de convergência na população estudada.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify eye conditions associated to social distancing and related increase in screen time exposure on children and teenagers. Methods Observational, descriptive and analytical study, with a cross-section design, carried out between July and August 2021, by questionnaire survey. Results Headaches related to excessive screen time exposure were reported by 26.51% of the students surveyed, while 38.8% reported suspect convergence insufficiency. Regarding the questionnaire about dry eye, 18.8% were symptomatic and 7.5% reported hard-to-manage symptoms. Computers were the devices most used for schoolwork (71.5%), followed by cellphones on second place (66.3%). Symptomatic cases of dry eye were mostly reported by participants that did not make use of computers (36.4%). It was not possible to establish a connection between convergence insufficiency and device usage time. Those participants that reported more screen time exposure also reported an increased percentage of hard-to-manage symptoms (42.9%), regarding dry eye. Conclusion Dry eye and convergence insufficiency symptoms were more prevalent in the surveyed population.

Evaluation of Prevalence and Associated Factors of Dry Eye Syndrome among Medical Students Exposed to Visual Display Terminal in Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia

@#Introduction: Dry eye syndrome (DES) has become a public health concern, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Medical students are at risk due to an increase in visual display terminal (VDT) exposure given the transition to full-time online lectures. The presence of reduced blink rate and tear film instability in VDT users causes an increase in tear evaporation leading to symptoms of DES. This study helps us to learn about the associated factors of VDT use and DES among the young generation. This study aims to determine the prevalence and associated factors of DES among medical students exposed to VDT at the health campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 140 undergraduate medical students aged 22 to 29 years old who were VDT users. Factors analysed are age, gender, race and duration of VDT usage. Data collection included both subjective assessment (OSDI questionnaire) and objective assessment (TBUT and Schirmer’s test). Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS Inc Version 24). Results were analysed using descriptive analysis and multivariate logistic regression. Results: Most of the medical student cohort was female and Malay. Most of the students use VDT for less than 8 hours. A high incidence of DES was noted among medical students (92.1%). None of the factors showed significant association with positive findings DES by subjective and objective assessment and duration of VDT usage. Conclusion: DES is common among VDT users. This study showed a high prevalence of DES among medical students in USM. The factors analysed did not show a significant association between DES and duration of VDT usage. This study may help to recognize the problem and will raise awareness of their daily practice and implement preventive measures to avoid VDT-related DES.

Eye diseases associated with psoriatic arthritis in the Amazon / Achados oftalmológicos em pacientes com artrite psoriásica na região Amazônica

ABSTRACT Purpose: Ocular disorders are among the most frequent manifestations of psoriatic arthritis. The incidence, type, and severity of these disorders may be influenced by genetics, local environmental factors, and access to ophthalmic treatment. Here we describe the ocular manifestations of psoriatic arthritis among denizens of the Amazon region of Para, Brazil, treated by the rheumatology service of Universidade do Estado do Pará. Methods: This cross-sectional study examined 23 psoriatic arthritis patients (median age 47.78 years, no sex predominance) diagnosed according to Caspar's criteria. Disease activity was evaluated according to the Clinical Disease Activity Index for Psoriatic Arthritis. Ophthalmological examinations performed included visual acuity with distance correction, biomicroscopy, applanation tonometry, fundoscopy, Schirmer test I, tear breakup time, fluorescein staining, and lissamine green staining. Patients also completed The Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire. Results: The most common ophthalmic disorders were dry eye (60.9%), cataracts (56.5%), blepharitis (47.8%), keratitis (43.5%), meibomitis (30.4%), pterygium (26, 1%), and pinguecula (13%). More than half of all patients demonstrated recent onset (>5 years), the peripheral disease type, and severe symptoms according to Clinical Disease Activity Index for Psoriatic Arthritis. Conclusion: The ocular manifestations of psoriatic arthritis are varied and mainly affect the ocular surface. Regular ophthalmological follow-up is recommended for patients in the early stage with high disease activity.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as manifestações oftalmológicas observadas em pacientes com artrite psoriásica atendidos no Serviço de Reumatologia da Universidade do Estado do Pará. Métodos: Estudo transversal. A amostra foi composta por 23 pacientes com artrite psoriásica, segundo os critérios de Caspar, atendidos no ambulatório de reumatologia da Universidade do Estado do Pará. Para avaliação da atividade de doença foi aplicado o Clinical Disease Activity index for Psoriatic Arthritis e, posteriormente, foi realizado o exame oftalmológico (acuidade visual com correção para distância, biomicroscopia, tonometria de aplanação de Goldmann, fundoscopia, teste de Schirmer I, tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, lissamina verde e questionário The Ocular Surface Disease Index). Resultados: Nesta pesquisa não houve predomínio entre os sexos e a população tinha uma mediana de idade de 47,78 anos. As manifestações mais comuns foram olho seco (60,9%), catarata (56,5%), blefarite (47,8%), ceratite (43,5%), meibomite (30,4%) e pterígio (26,1%). Conclusão: As manifestações oculares encontradas em pacientes com artrite psoriásica são variadas e afetam sobretudo a superfície ocular; no entanto, são clinicamente subestimadas; por isso recomenda-se o acompanhamento oftalmológico regular e periódico para pacientes com artrite psoriásica.

A Clinical Study on Efficacy of Jivaniya Ghritapana in Shushkakshipaka (Dry Eye Syndrome)

Dry eye syndrome is a disease commonly seen in all age groups with a greater ration in elderly population. Large scale studies have determined that increasing age, female sex, and Asian race are all associated with higher DED prevalence. Their occurs tear deficiency and ocular surface disorders, which produces symptoms like discomfort, visual disturbance and tear film instability. Clinically and etymologically, similar entity to Dry eye syndrome is Shushkakshipaka. In modern ophthalmology, conventional approach for Dry eye syndrome is lubricating eye drops which are not satisfactory. Ayurveda has a holistic approach to deal with this problem. This clinical study was done to evaluate the effect of Jivaniya Ghritapana in Shushkakshipaka (dry eye syndrome). An open clinical trial for 10 patients was planned. They were presenting with clinical features of Shushkakshipaka (Dry Eye Syndrome). Snehapana was done in all patients with Jivaniya Ghrita. Results: On assessing the selected criteria, significant results were found in subjective parameters like Rukshta (feeling of dryness), Gharshana (gritty sensation), Daruna vartmakshi (hardness of eyelids), Karachaunmilana (difficulty in opening and closing of eyes), Daha (burning sensation) & intolerance to light. Significant result was found in all objective parameters. Conclusion: Thus we can conclude that, for successful treatment Shushkakshipaka (Dry Eye Syndrome), Snehapana can be advised in such patients.

A study of the association between Vitamin D deficiency and Dry Eye Syndrome (DES) in the Indian population

Purpose: A study of the association between vitamin D deficiency and dry eye syndrome (DES) in the Indian population. Methods: This was a cross?sectional, hospital?based observational study. Sixty patients diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/dl) who met the inclusion criteria were sent to the Eye OPD from the Endocrinology OPD (case) were compared to 60 subjects with normal vitamin D levels (?20 ng/dl) who attended the Eye OPD (controls). The examination of the tear film was done using Whatman filter paper in Schirmer test I and Schirmer test I (with anesthesia). The tear film break?up time (TFBUT) was determined by slit?lamp examination using the fluorescein stain, and scoring using the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) was done. Results: A significant difference in the mean values of Schirmer I and Schirmer I test (with anesthesia) (P < 0.001) was seen between the case and control groups. A significant difference in the mean values of TFBUT (P < 0.001) and OSDI scores (P < 0.01) was also seen between the two groups. Conclusion: A positive association was found between vitamin D deficiency and dry eye on comparing the above parameters.

The contact lens dry eyes questionnaire (CLDEQ-8) validation and ocular surface dysfunction among soft contact lens wearers / Validação do questionário de olho seco em lentes de contato (CLDEQ-8) e a disfunção de superfície ocular em usuários de lente de contato

ABSTRACT Purpose: To translate and validate the Contact Lens Dry Eyes Questionnaire (CLDEQ-8) to Portuguese language and to describe the impact of soft contact lenses on the ocular surface. Methods: We conducted a descriptive transversal study with the aim to: (1) translate and validate the CLDEQ-8 questionnaire to Portuguese language and (2) apply the CLDEQ-8 to a group of contact lens wearers along with a broad evaluation of the impact of soft contact lens on the ocular surface. The evaluation of the impact of soft contact lens was performed for a study population of 81 subjects, categorized in two groups: Group A: 61 contact lens wearers and Group B (control): 20 noncontact lens wearers. The study exclusion criteria were rigid contact lens wear, systemic or ocular diseases, the use of medications predisposing to ocular surface damage, and previous ocular surgeries. Results: For the CLDEQ-8 questionnaire translation and validation, Kappa agreement values were ³0.7 in all questions, implying a good agreement between the Portuguese and English language versions. Considering the ocular surface evaluation of the subjects, all parameters differed in Soft contact lens wearers when compared with the controls (p<0.05), except in those related to tear volume, such as the tear meniscus height and Schirmer test. Conclusions: This study provided a translated and validated Portuguese version of CLDEQ-8 questionnaire, which represents an important tool for the evolution of contact lens wearers. The broad evaluation of the ocular surface revealed an association between soft contact lens wearing and ocular surface disturbances.

RESUMO Objetivo: Traduzir e validar o questionário de olho seco e lentes de contato (CLDEQ-8) para o português e descrever o impacto das lentes de contato gelatinosas na superfície ocular. Métodos: Estudo transversal e descritivo com o objetivo de (1) traduzir e validar o CLDEQ-8 para o português e (2) aplicar o CLDEQ-8 em um grupo de usuários de lentes de contato, juntamente com uma ampla avaliação do impacto das lentes gelatinosas na superfície ocular. A avaliação do impacto das lentes gelatinosas foi realizada em uma amostra composta por 81 indivíduos, divididos em dois grupos: 61 usuários de lente de contato (Grupo A) e um grupo controle de 20 não usuários (Grupo B). Como critério de exclusão: usuário de lentes de contato rígidas, doenças sistêmicas ou oculares prévias, uso de medicamentos que podem causar danos a superfície ocular e cirurgias oculares prévias. Resultados: Para a tradução e validação do questionário CLDEQ-8, os valores de concordância Kappa foram iguais ou superiores a 0,7 em todas as perguntas, o que implica em uma boa concordância entre as versões em português e inglês. Considerando a avaliação da superfície ocular dos sujeitos, todos os parâmetros diferiram nos usuários de lente de contato em comparação com os controles (com p<0,05), exceto naqueles relacionados ao volume lacrimal, como altura do menisco lacrimal e teste de Schirmer. Conclusões: Este estudo forneceu uma versão traduzida para o português e validada do questionário CLDEQ-8, que representa uma importante ferramenta na avaliação de usuários de lente de contato. A avaliação da superfície ocular realizada demonstra a relação entre o uso de lentes de contato gelatinosas e os distúrbios da superfície ocular.

Comparison of the effects of corneal and lacrimal gland denervation on the lacrimal functional unit of rats / Comparação dos efeitos da denervação da córnea e da glândula lacrimal na unidade funcional lacrimal de ratos

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to compare the changes in the lacrimal functional unit in the following two models of neurogenic dry eye syndrome: sensory denervation of the cornea versus autonomic denervation of the lacrimal gland. Methods: The neural network supports the lacrimal functional unit. It can be divided into afferent (sensory) and efferent (autonomic) pathways and is affected by severe diseases that compromise the lacrimal functional unit. Male Wistar, 8-week-old rats were divided into the following three groups: 1) control naïve (n=16 animals); 2) autonomic denervation: where rats were subjected to right lacrimal gland nerve ablation and evaluated after 1 and 2 months (1M and 2M) after the procedure (n=7 animals per subgroup, autonomic denervation 1M and autonomic denervation 2M, respectively); 3) sensory denervation induced by 0.2% benzalkonium chloride eye drops, twice a day for 7 days in the right eye (n=10 animals). The corneal sensitivity was measured using the eye wipe test with capsaicin (10 µM). The quantitative real-time PCR was performed to compare the mRNA expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, such as Il-1β, Il-6, Tnf, Mmp9, in the cornea, trigeminal ganglion, and lacrimal gland. In addition, the mRNA of the promitotic factors in the lacrimal gland, such as Bmp7, Runx1, Runx3, Fgf10, and Smad1, was compared. Results: Sensory denervation induced corneal hyperalgesia (p=0.001). Sensory denervation and autonomic denervation increased the mRNA of proinflammatory cytokines in the cornea and lacrimal gland (p<0.05), but only sensory denervation increased the mRNA levels of Il-1β and Tnf in the trigeminal ganglion (p<0.05) compared with the control naïve. Conclusions: Autonomic denervation and sensory denervation models can have common features, such as inflammation of different parts of the lacrimal functional unit. However, hyperesthesia and inflammatory markers in the trigeminal ganglion because of sensory denervation and the expression of regenerative mediators in the lacrimal gland owing to autonomic denervation are the distinguishing features of these diseases that can be explored in future studies assessing dry eye syndrome secondary to neural damage of the lacrimal functional unit.

RESUMO Objetivo: O nosso objetivo neste estudo foi comparar as alterações na unidade funcional lacrimal em dois modelos de síndrome do olho seco neurogênica: desnervação sensorial da córnea versus desnervação autonômica da glândula lacrimal. Métodos: A rede neural é um importante suporte para a unidade funcional lacrimal. Pode ser dividido em vias aferentes (sensoriais) e eferentes (autonômicas), sujeitas a doenças graves que comprometem a unidade funcional lacrimal. Ratos Wistar machos, com 8 semanas de idade, foram divididos em três grupos: 1) Controle naïve (n=16 animais); 2) Desnervação autonômica: onde os ratos foram submetidos à ablação do nervo da glândula lacrimal direita e avaliados após um e dois meses (1 M a 2 M) do procedimento (n=7 animais por subgrupo, desnervação autonômica 1M e desnervação autonômica 2M, respectivamente); 3) Desnervação sensorial induzida por colírio a 0,2% de cloreto de benzalcônio, duas vezes ao dia por 7 dias no olho direito (n=10 animais). A sensibilidade da córnea foi medida pelo teste de movimento pata-olho com capsaicina (10 µM). A PCR quantitativa em tempo real foi aplicada para comparar a expressão relativa de mRNA de citocinas pró-inflamatórias: Il1b, Il6, Tnf, Mmp9, na córnea, gânglio trigêmio e glândula lacrimal. O mRNA dos agentes pró-mitóticos Bmp7, Runx1, Runx3, Fgf10 e Smad1 foram comparados na glândula lacrimal. Resultados: A desnervação sensorial induziu hiperalgesia da córnea (p=0,001). Desnervação sensorial e desnervação autonômica aumentaram o mRNA de citocinas pró-inflamatórias no córnea e glândula lacrimal (p<0,05), mas apenas desnervação sensorial aumentou o mRNA de Il1b e Tnf no gânglio trigêmio (p<0,05) quando comparado ao controle naïve. Conclusões: Os modelos de desnervação autonômica e desnervação sensorial podem ter características comuns, como inflamação de diferentes partes da unidade funcional lacrimal. No entanto, a hiperestesia e os marcadores inflamatórios no gânglio trigêmio de desnervação sensorial e a expressão de mediadores regenerativos na glândula lacrimal na desnervação autonômica são características que distinguem essas doenças, podendo ser investigadas em estudos futuros que abordam o olho seco secundário ao dano neural da unidade funcional lacrimal.

Comparison of the clinical effects of two different doses (0. 05% and 0. 1%) of topical cyclosporine A in dry eyes with meibomian gland dysfunction / Comparação de efeitos clínicos de duas doses diferentes (0, 05% e 0, 1%) de ciclosporina A tópica em olhos secos com disfunção da glândula tarsal

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the clinical efficacy of two different doses of topical cyclosporine A used in addition to artificial tears in the treatment of patients with meibomian dysfunction and secondary dry eye. Methods: Fifty patients aged 18 to 40 years, who presented to our clinic between June 2020 and June 2021 were included in our study. Patients were divided into two groups as Group A (topical cyclosporine A 0.05%) and Group B (topical cyclosporine A 0.1%). All the patients underwent a detailed ophthalmological examination, basal Ocular Surface Disease Index measurement, and Schirmer 1 and tear break-up time tests at all visits. Results: The mean age was 32±7.1 years in Group A and 30.7±8.5 years in Group B. In Group A, there were 15 women and ten men, and Group B consisted of 14 women and 11 men. There was no difference between the groups in terms of age and gender distribution (p>0.05). Schirmer 1 and tear break-up time results and Ocular Surface Disease Index score also did not significantly differ between the groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Cyclosporine A 0.05% and 0.1% eye drops were both seen to be effective in managing dry eye disease in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a eficácia clínica de duas doses diferentes de ciclosporina A tópica utilizada além da lágrima artificial no tratamento de pacientes com disfunção da glândula tarsal e olho seco secundário. Métodos: No estudo, foram incluídos 50 pacientes com idades entre 18 e 40 anos, que se apresentaram em nossa clínica entre junho de 2020 e junho de 2021. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo A (ciclosporina A 0,05% tópica) e Grupo B (ciclosporina A 0,1% tópica). Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a um exame oftalmológico detalhado, medição basal do Índice de Doença da Superfície Ocular, e testes de Schirmer 1 e de tempo de ruptura em todas as visitas. Resultados: A idade média foi de 32±7,1 anos no Grupo A e 30,7±8,5 anos no Grupo B. No Grupo A, havia 15 mulheres e dez homens, e o Grupo B consistia de 14 mulheres e 11 homens. Não havia diferença significativa entre os grupos em termos de distribuição por idade e gênero (p>0,05). Os resultados do Schirmer 1 e do tempo de ruptura e do Índice de Doenças da Superfície Ocular também não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os grupos (p>0,05). Conclusão: Observou-se que os colírios de ciclosporina A 0,05% e 0,1% são eficazes no tratamento da síndrome do olho seco em pacientes com disfunção da glândula tarsal.

Clinical observation of Tiaoshen acpuncture for dry eye syndrome with yin deficiency of liver and kidney / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the curative effect of Tiaoshen acupuncture combined with artificial tears and artificial tears alone for dry eye syndrome with yin deficiency of liver and kidney.@*METHODS@#A total of 70 patients of dry eye syndrome with yin deficiency of liver and kidney were randomized into an acupuncture combined with medication group (35 cases, 2 cases dropped off) and a medication group (35 cases, 3 cases dropped off). In the medication group, 0.1% sodium hyaluronate eye drop was applied, 3 times a day, 1 drop each time. On the basis of the treatment as the medication group, Tiaoshen acupuncture was applied at Shenting (GV 24), Shenmen (HT 7), Benshen (GB 13), Taixi (KI 3), Taichong (LR 3), Guangming (GB 37), Fengchi (GB 20), Tongziliao (GB 1), Yuyao (EX-HN 4) in the acupuncture combined with medication group, Tongziliao (GB 1) and Yuyao (EX-HN 4) were connect with electroacupuncture, the needles were retained for 30 min, once a day, 6 times a week. Both groups were treated for 2 weeks. Before and after treatment, the clinical symptom score, SchirmerⅠtest (SⅠT), break-up time (BUT), corneal fluorescein staining (FL) score and Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA) score were observed in the two groups, and the clinical efficacy was compared in the two groups.@*RESULTS@#Compared before treatment, the clinical symptom scores, corneal FL and HAMA scores were decreased (P<0.05), the levels of SⅠT and BUT were increased after treatment in the two groups (P<0.05). After the treatment, the clinical symptom score, FL and HAMA scores in the acupuncture combined with medication group were lower than the medication group (P<0.05), the levels of SⅠT and BUT in the acupuncture combined with medication group were higher than the medication group (P<0.05). The total effective rate in the acupuncture combined with medication group was 90.9% (30/33), which was higher than 71.9% (23/32) in the medication group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Tiaoshen acupuncture combined with artificial tears could promote the secretion of tears for patients of dry eye syndrome with yin deficiency of liver and kidney, repair corneal defect and prolong tear film break-up time, and alleviate anxiety state, its curative effect is better than simple artificial tears.

Ocular manifestations of Chikungunya fever in the chronic phase / Manifestações oculares na fase crônica da febre Chikungunya

ABSTRACT Purpose: To identify ocular manifestations in patients with Chikungunya fever in the chronic phase and describe their sociodemographic profile. Methods: Patients with serologic confirmation of Chikungunya infection were included in this transverse study. All subjects underwent a comprehensive ophthalmologic evaluation, including specific lacrimal function tests (tear break-up time test, Schirmer test, and lissamine green). Results: Overall, 64 eyes of 32 patients were evaluated. Most patients were women (71.9%), with the mean age of 50.0 ±13.7 years. The mean interval between serologic confirmation and the examination was 12.7 ±7.7 months. Twenty patients (62%) presented with dry eye. No statistically significant association was observed between dry eye and infection diagnosis time (p=0.5546), age (p=0.9120), sex (p=1.00), race (p=0.2269), arthralgia in acute infection (p=0.7930), retro-orbital pain (p=0.3066), and conjunctivitis (p=1.00). Conclusion: Dry eye was the most prevalent manifestation observed. No signs of intraocular inflammation and affected visual acuity were observed.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar manifestações oculares em pacientes na fase crônica da febre Chikungunya e descrever seu perfil sociodemográfico. Métodos: Estudo transversal com a inclusão de pacientes com confirmação sorológica de febre Chikungunya. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a exame oftalmológico completo, incluindo testes específicos de função lacrimal (teste de ruptura do filme lacrimal, teste de Schirmer e teste da lissamina verde). Resultados: Foram avaliados 64 olhos de 32 pacientes. A maioria dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino (71,9%) e a idade média foi 50,0 ±13,7 anos. O intervalo médio entre a confirmação sorológica e o exame oftalmológico foi de 12,7 ±7,7 meses. Vinte pacientes (62%) apresentaram olho seco. Não houve significância estatística na associação entre olho seco e o tempo de diagnóstico da infecção (p=0,5546), idade (p=0,9120), sexo (p=1,00), raça (p=0,2269), artralgia durante a infecção aguda (p=0,7930), dor retro-orbitária (p=0,3066) e conjuntivite (p=1,00). Conclusão: A presença de olho seco foi a manifestação mais prevalente observada. Não foram observa dos sinais de inflamação intraocular ou baixa acuidade visual.

Homeostasis de la superficie ocular y cirugía de catarata / Ocular surface homeostasis and cataract surgery

La cirugía de catarata es la intervención oftalmológica que más se realiza a nivel mundial, fundamentalmente en personas de la tercera edad, donde coinciden cambios en la película lagrimal. Muchas veces después de operados, debido a alteraciones en la homeostasia de la superficie ocular, los pacientes mantienen síntomas muy molestos, como lagrimeo y sensación de cuerpo extraño, que les hacen dudar del buen resultado de la cirugía. Se hace una revisión del tema, para entender el porqué de esta sintomatología, sus causas y los exámenes necesarios a realizar previos a la cirugía, con el objetivo de alcanzar una mejor evolución posoperatoria. Se utilizó la plataforma Infomed, específicamente la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud(AU)

Cataract surgery is the most common ophthalmological procedure worldwide. It is particularly frequent in the elderly, due to the changes undergone by the tear film in advanced ages. On many occasions and due to ocular surface homeostatic alterations, patients continue to experience great discomfort after the operation, such as lacrimation or a foreign body sensation, which makes them doubt the satisfactory outcome of the surgery. A review was conducted about the topic to understand the reasons for these symptoms, their causes and the preoperative tests required to achieve a better postoperative evolution. Use was made of the platform Infomed, specifically the Virtual Health Library(AU)

Lacrimal gland atrophy and dry eye related to isotretinoin, androgen, and prolactin: differential diagnosis for Sjögren's syndrome / Atrofia das glândulas lacrimais e olho seco relacionados aisotretinoína, androgênio e prolactina: diagnóstico diferencial com a síndrome de Sjögren

ABSTRACT This report is of three cases of sicca syndrome, initially suspected to be Sjögren's syndrome, which was ruled out by clinical and laboratory investigations. The patients were a 24-year-old woman, a 32-year-old man, and a 77-year-old woman with chronic symptoms of sicca syndrome, including dry eye syndrome. The first case was associated with the use of isotretinoin, a retinoic acid. The second was associated with the use of anabolic androgenic steroids, and the third was related to a prolactin- secreting pituitary adenoma. All cases manifested sicca, including dry eye syndrome, after those events, and the manifestations persisted. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral atrophy of the lacrimal gland. The medical history, ocular examinations, laboratory exams, and magnetic resonance images confirmed dry eye syndrome; however, the exams were all negative for Sjögren's syndrome. The lacrimal gland was absent on magnetic resonance imaging in all three cases. The clinical history revealed that the signs and symptoms appeared after chronic exposure to retinoic acid, anabolic androgenic steroids, and a prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma, respectively. Chronic isotretinoin, anabolic androgenic steroids, and prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma or, in this last case, its inhibitory treatment, can cause lacrimal gland atrophy, sicca syndrome, and dry eye syndrome, and a differential diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome. Further studies on doses, time, and other susceptibilities to the long-lasting adverse effects of retinoic acid, anabolic androgenic steroids, and the repercussions of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma are necessary to confirm and expand upon these associations.

RESUMO O relato descreve três casos de síndrome de sicca, inicialmente suspeitos de serem a síndrome de Sjögren, que fo­ram negados pela investigação clínica e laboratorial. O primeiro associado ao uso de isotretinoína, um ácido retinóico, o segundo ao uso de esteroides androgênicos anabolizantes e o terceiro relacionado ao adenoma da hipófise secretora da prolactina, todos manifestaram sicca, incluindo a síndrome do olho seco após esses eventos e as manifestações persistem. A ressonância magnética revelou atrofia bilateral da glândula lacrimal. Eles eram uma mulher de 24 anos, um homem de 32 anos e uma mulher de 77 anos com sintomas crônicos da síndrome de sicca, incluindo a síndrome do olho seco. A história médica, o exame ocular, os exames laboratoriais e a ressonância magnética foram confirmados como síndrome do olho seco, no entanto, todos os exames foram negativos para a síndrome de Sjögren. A glândula lacrimal estava ausente na ressonância magnética nos três casos. A história clínica revelou que sinais e sintomas se manifestaram após exposição crônica ao ácido retinóico, esteróides anabolizantes androgênicos e adenoma secretivo da prolactina hipofisária, respectivamente. Isotretinoína crônica, esteroides anabólicos androgênicos e adenoma hipofisário secretor de prolactina ou, neste último caso, seu tratamento inibitório pode ser a causa da atrofia da glândula lacrimal, síndrome da sicca e síndrome do olho seco e diagnóstico diferencial da síndrome de Sjögren. Estudos adicionais sobre doses, duração e outras suscetibilidades aos efeitos adversos duradouros do ácido retinóico, esteroides androgênicos anabólicos e repercussões do adenoma da hipófise secretora da prolactina são necessários para confirmar e detalhar essas associações.

Effects of auricular point sticking on dry eye in myopia patients after SMILE surgery: a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Objective: To observe the intervention effect of auricular point sticking on dry eye in myopia patients after small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) surgery.Methods: This was a prospective randomized controlled study conducted among the myopia patients who received SMILE surgery at Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University. The post-SMILE operation patients who screened by the inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomized into a control group and a treatment group. Patients in the control group were given 0.1％ fluorometholone and 0.5％ carboxymethylcellulose sodium eye drops, while the treatment group was given additional unilateral auricular point sticking for 1 month. The patients were estimated using ocular surface disease index (OSDI), Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1), tear film break-up time (TF-BUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) score, corneal sensitivity (CS) and visual quality (VQ) at 1 d, 1 week and 1 month after surgery; the changes in anxiety and depression were also observed in the patients. Results: Compared with the first day after operation, CS in the nasal region was improved in the treatment group, and the VQ score increased in the control group patients at 1 week after operation (both P<0.05); at 1 month after operation, the TF-BUT increased, CFS score decreased, CS in the central and nasal regions increased (all P<0.05), and VQ score increased (P<0.01) in the treatment group, and the CS in the central, upper, lower and nasal regions were improved (all P<0.05), and VQ score increased (P<0.01) in the control group. The between-group comparison showed that the differences in the change of TF-BUT were statistically significant at 1 week and 1 month after surgery, respectively (both P<0.05). Conclusion: Auricular point sticking therapy can increase the TF-BUT and accelerate the repair of ocular surface function in post-SMILE patients.

Efficacy observation of acupuncture for dry eye syndrome of lung-yin deficiency pattern / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of combining two needling manipulations, Er Long Xi Zhu (two dragons playing with a pearl) and Guo Yan Re (heat produced to reach the eyes), in treating dry eye syndrome (DES) of lung-yin deficiency pattern. Methods: Fifty-six eligible DES patients of lung-yin deficiency were randomized into an observation group and a control group, with 28 cases in each group. Same acupoints were selected in the two groups: Cuanzhu (BL 2), Sizhukong (TE 23), Taiyang (EX-HN 5) and Fengchi (GB 20) were chosen as the major points and Feishu (BL 13) and Chize (LU 5) as the adjuvant. Er Long Xi Zhu and Guo Yan Re needling manipulations were applied in the observation group while twirling reinforcing manipulation was used in the control group. Treatment was conducted once per day in both groups, for two sets of 15 consecutive days at a 2-day interval. Changes in the symptom score, tear break-up time (BUT) and tear production were observed afterwards, and the clinical efficacy was also compared between the two groups. Results: The total effective rate was 92.8％ in the observation group, higher than 71.4％ in the control group, and the between-group difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). After treatment, the symptom score, tear BUT and tear production showed significant improvements in both groups (all P<0.05); the symptom score, BUT and tear production in the observation group were significantly different from those in the control group (all P<0.05). Conclusion: Given the same acupoint selection, combining Er Long Xi Zhu and Guo Yan Re needling manipulations can produce more significant clinical efficacy than twirling reinforcing manipulation in treating DES of lung-yin deficiency pattern.

Evaluation of the tear parameters of ovulation induction patients in a short time period with anterior segment optical coherence tomography / Avaliação dos parâmetros lacrimais de pacientes submetidas à indução de ovulação por curto período pela tomografia de coerência óptica do segmento anterior

ABSTRACT Purpose: The effects of sex steroid hormones on tearparameters are known. Theaim of this studywas to examine the effects on tear parameters during exposure to high-dose sex steroids in a short period of time. Methods: Forty patients who were admitted to the infertility clinic of our hospital and planned to undergo ovulation induction with exogenous gonadotropins were included in our study. Prior tothe initiation of ovulation induction, the basal levels of estradiol were measured on day 3 of the menstrual cycle and ophthalmologic examinations were performed by the ophthalmology department of our hospital. The estradiol levels were-measured on the day ofovulation induction usinghuman chorionic gonadotropin and compared with basal estra­diol; eye examinations were also repeated. Result: Forty women with reproductive period and average age of 33.3 ± 4.2 years were included in this study. Basal levels of estradiol were significantly (p<0.001) higher after ovulation induction than before induction. The scores in the break-up timeand after induction were 6.2 ± 2.8 sn and 8.4 ± 1.4 sn, respectively. The values of Schirmer's test were 14.3 ± 7.1 mm and 20.6 ± 6.2 mm before and after induction, respectively. Both values were significantly higher after ovulation induction (p<0.001; p=0.001, respectively). Conclusion: We observed impro­vemet in tear function tests following the use of estradiol even for a limited time.The use of estradiol during menopause may improve dry eye symptoms in patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: Os efeitos dos hormônios esteróides se­xuais nos parâmetros lacrimais são conhecidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar como os efeitos nos parâmetros lacrimais durante a exposição a altas doses de esteróides sexuais em um curto período de tempo. Métodos: Quarenta pacientes que foram admitidas na clínica de infertilidade do nosso hospital e planejavam a indução de ovulação por gonadotropinas exógenas. Antes do início da indução da ovulação, os níveis basais de estradiol foram medidos no terceiro dia do ciclo menstrual e os exames oftalmológicos foram efetuados pelo Departamento de Oftalmologia do nosso hospital. Os níveis de estradiol foram medidos no dia da indução da ovulação usando gonadotrofina coriónica humana e comparados aos estradiol basal; exames oftalmológicos também foram repetidos. Resultado: Quarenta mulheres com período reprodutivo e idade média de 33,3 ± 4,2 anos foram incluídas neste estudo. Os níveis basais de estradiol foram significativamente maiores (p<0,001) após a indução da ovulação do que antes desta. Os resultados dos testes de ruptura do filme lacrimal e após a indução foi de 6,2 ± 2,8 s e 8,4 ± 1,4 s respectivamente. Os valores do teste de Schirmer foram 14,3 ± 7,1 mm e 20,6 ± 6,2 mm, respectivamente antes e depois da indução. Ambos os valores foram significativamente maiores após a indução da ovulação (p<0,001; p=0,001 respectivamente). Conclusão: Observamos uma melhora nos testes de função lacrimal após o uso de estradiol, mesmo por tempo limitado. O uso de estradiol durante a menopausa poderá melhorar os sintomas do olho seco em pacientes.

Clinical outcomes of ocular surface in patients treated with vitamin D oral replacement / Resultados clínicos da superfície ocular em pacientes tratados com reposição oral de vitamina D

ABSTRACT Purpose: To analyze the clinical outcomes of the ocular surface in patients with vitamin D deficiency after oral replacement. Methods: A total of 40 patients with vitamin D deficiency were enrolled in the study. The patients received 50,000 units of oral vitamin D weekly over a period of 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, 1,500-2,000 units/d were administered for 24 weeks. Eyelid margin score, meibomian gland expressibility score, Oxford grading, Schirmer I test, tear breakup time, tear osmolarity, and the Ocular Surface Disease Index score were evaluated at baseline, and at 8, 12, and 24 weeks. Results: The meibomian gland expressibility score, Schirmer I, tear breakup time, tear osmolarity, and Ocular Surface Disease Index score showed improvement 8 weeks after vitamin D supplementation (p<0.05). Compared with the pretreatment values, the eyelid margin score and Oxford grading were decreased at week 12 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Vitamin D replacement appears to improve ocular surface in individuals with vitamin D deficiency.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os resultados clínicos da superfície ocular em pacientes com deficiência de vitamina D após reposição oral. Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo 40 pacientes com deficiência de vitamina D. Os pacientes receberam 50.000 unidades de vitamina D semanalmente por um período de oito semanas. Após esse período, 1.500-2.000 unidades/dia foram administradas por 24 semanas. Escores da margem palpebral, escores de expressibilidade da glândula meibomiana, classificação de Oxford, teste de Schirmer I, tempo de ruptura lacrimal, osmolaridade da lágrima e escore do Índice de Doenças da Superfície Ocular foram avaliados no início e após 8, 12 e 24 semanas. Resultados: O escore de expressibilidade da glândula meibomiana, Schirmer I, tempo de ruptura lacrimal, osmolaridade da lágrima e o Índice de Doenças da Superfície Ocular apresentaram melhoras após 8 semanas de suplementação de vitamina D (p<0,05). Comparado com os valores do pré-tratamento, o escore da margem palpebral e a classificação de Oxford diminuíram na 12ª semana (p<0,05). Conclusão: A reposição de vitamina D parece melhorar a superfície ocular em indivíduos com deficiência de vitamina D.

Biomarcadores para la evaluación y diagnóstico del síndrome de ojo seco: una revisión / Biomarkers for the evaluation and diagnosis of the dry eye syndrome: a review

Resumen Introducción: El síndrome de ojo seco es una enfermedad en la que se generan signos y síntomas que conducen a alteraciones oculares prolongadas, por lo tanto, es relevante establecer con precisión la etiología de la enfermedad con la finalidad de establecer el tratamiento más efectivo, de allí, la importancia del desarrollo de exámenes innovadores como son los biomarcadores, los cuales permiten identificar con mayor precisión el cuadro clínico. Por esta razón, el presente trabajo pretende describir los principales avances de los biomarcadores de la superficie ocular y reconocer su aplicación clínica para el diagnóstico de ojo seco entre los años 2013 a 2018. Metodología: Se analizó literatura sobre biomarcadores empleados para el diagnóstico del ojo seco, mediante una revisión sistemática tipo narrativa de 2013 a 2018 por medio de los descriptores controlados "Dry Eye Syndrome" "biomarkers" "tear proteins" "eye proteins" seleccionados en DeCS y Pubmed; la búsqueda arrojó 48 estudios, de los cuales seleccionamos 21 para el análisis. Resultados: Son diversas las proteínas lagrimales que pueden ser relacionadas con la presencia y ausencia de la enfermedad, es vital que los biomarcadores sean valorados como una herramienta alternativa para diagnosticar con facilidad y precisión la enfermedad del ojo seco. Discusión: Los biomarcadores permiten reconocer los procesos patógenos y biológicos del síndrome de ojo seco, al reflejar el estado de la superficie ocular en presencia o ausencia de signos y síntomas, facilitando el diagnóstico precoz, seguimiento, tratamiento y control de la enfermedad.

Abstract Introduction: Dry eye syndrome is a disease in which signs and symptoms that lead to prolonged ocular alterations occur, therefore, it is relevant to accurately establish the etiology of the disease with the configuration of establishing the most effective treatment, hence the development of innovative exams such as biomarkers selected with greater precision the clinical picture. For this reason, the present work aims to describe the main advances of biomarkers of the ocular surface and to recognize their clinical application for the diagnosis of dry eye between 2013 and 2018. Metodology: Literature on biomarkers used for the diagnosis of dry eye was analyzed, by means of a systematic narrative review from 2013 to 2018 by means of the controlled descriptors "Dry Eye Syndrome" "biomarkers" "tear proteins" "eye proteins" selected in DeCS and Pubmed; The search yielded 48 studies and 21 studies were selected for the analysis. Results: There are several tear proteins that can be related to the presence and absence of the disease, it is vital that biomarkers are evaluated as an alternative tool to easily and accurately diagnose dry eye disease. Discussion: Biomarkers allow to recognize the pathogenic and biological processes of dry eye syndrome, reflecting the state of the ocular surface in the presence or absence of signs and symptoms, facilitating early diagnosis, monitoring, treatment and control of the disease.